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Argentina's greenhouse gas emissions profile and its report
This policy report aims, firstly, to analyze the greenhouse gas emissions profile of the Republic of Argentina by briefly describing the drivers of its emissions matrix. Secondly, this report assesses the evolution of the country's reporting capabilities and the challenges it faces under the new Enhanced Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement.
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Links between climate transparency and a just energy transition
Within the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, multiple climate policy planning and reporting instruments exist through which countries communicate their commitments and progress, including Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs), National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), among others. Among these instruments, BTRs play a central role in reporting progress on NDC implementation, including information on mitigation and adaptation measures, as well as financial, technological, and capacity-building support, and in contributing to the Global Stocktake process, which assesses collective progress toward the Paris Agreement goals. In this context, BTRs offer a key opportunity for countries to report on their Just Energy Transition (JET) pathways and their environmental, economic, and social dimensions. However, many countries face difficulties in meeting reporting requirements. These limitations are related to gaps in national information systems, insufficient technical capacities, and barriers to accessing climate finance. This policy brief analyzes how BTRs can serve as a vehicle for countries to report progress on their TEJs, identifies the main challenges countries—particularly developing countries—face in doing so, and examines the progress made at COP30 in Belém to strengthen reporting capacities.
Links between climate transparency and a just energy transition
Within the framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, multiple climate policy planning and reporting instruments exist through which countries communicate their commitments and progress, including Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs), National Adaptation Plans (NAPs), and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), among others. Among these instruments, BTRs play a central role in reporting progress on NDC implementation, including information on mitigation and adaptation measures, as well as financial, technological, and capacity-building support, and in contributing to the Global Stocktake process, which assesses collective progress toward the Paris Agreement goals. In this context, BTRs offer a key opportunity for countries to report on their Just Energy Transition (JET) pathways and their environmental, economic, and social dimensions. However, many countries face difficulties in meeting reporting requirements. These limitations are related to gaps in national information systems, insufficient technical capacities, and barriers to accessing climate finance. This policy brief analyzes how BTRs can serve as a vehicle for countries to report progress on their TEJs, identifies the main challenges countries—particularly developing countries—face in doing so, and examines the progress made at COP30 in Belém to strengthen reporting capacities.
Analysis of the importance of climate transparency and the transition between reporting systems: from the Biennial Update Report to the Biennial Transparency Report
Under the Convention and the Paris Agreement, countries report information on their climate efforts following the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities. Under the Convention, developed countries (Annex I) submit more frequent and detailed reports than developing countries (non-Annex I). The Paris Agreement introduces the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF), which unifies criteria with the Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs), although with flexibilities for developing countries. This represents a shift from a bifurcated system to a single one that considers different national capacities. The first BTR was due in December 2024, but only 43% of countries complied, highlighting the challenges of the transition. Transparency is key to assessing progress and adjusting climate strategies at the national and global levels, strengthening international legitimacy, and facilitating access to financing and cooperation. Accountability through these reports is essential for the success of the multilateral process in the fight against climate change.
Analysis of the importance of climate transparency and the transition between reporting systems: from the Biennial Update Report to the Biennial Transparency Report
Under the Convention and the Paris Agreement, countries report information on their climate efforts following the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities. Under the Convention, developed countries (Annex I) submit more frequent and detailed reports than developing countries (non-Annex I). The Paris Agreement introduces the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF), which unifies criteria with the Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs), although with flexibilities for developing countries. This represents a shift from a bifurcated system to a single one that considers different national capacities. The first BTR was due in December 2024, but only 43% of countries complied, highlighting the challenges of the transition. Transparency is key to assessing progress and adjusting climate strategies at the national and global levels, strengthening international legitimacy, and facilitating access to financing and cooperation. Accountability through these reports is essential for the success of the multilateral process in the fight against climate change.
Deforestation Roadmap: discussions and structuring elements on the road to COP31 in Antalya
Forests provide essential ecosystem services for addressing the global environmental and climate crisis. Their capacity to store carbon, regulate hydrological cycles, stabilize regional temperatures, conserve biodiversity, and sustain the livelihoods of millions of people makes them a central component of international mitigation and adaptation strategies. Given their importance, forest management has gained increasing prominence on the international agenda. The most recent effort to revitalize this agenda is the Roadmap to Halt and Reverse Deforestation and Forest Degradation by 2030, launched by the COP30 Presidency in response to paragraphs 33 and 34 of the first Global Stocktake. This Policy Brief aims to briefly reconstruct the evolution of the forest agenda within the UNFCCC; examine the key features of the initiative; and highlight the main elements that emerged from the submissions and discussions held by the Parties. Finally, it is proposed to identify a series of barriers and recommendations associated with them, aimed at strengthening the Leaflet process on the way to the Conference of the Parties (COP31) of the UNFCCC that will take place in Antalya.
Deforestation Roadmap: discussions and structuring elements on the road to COP31 in Antalya
Forests provide essential ecosystem services for addressing the global environmental and climate crisis. Their capacity to store carbon, regulate hydrological cycles, stabilize regional temperatures, conserve biodiversity, and sustain the livelihoods of millions of people makes them a central component of international mitigation and adaptation strategies. Given their importance, forest management has gained increasing prominence on the international agenda. The most recent effort to revitalize this agenda is the Roadmap to Halt and Reverse Deforestation and Forest Degradation by 2030, launched by the COP30 Presidency in response to paragraphs 33 and 34 of the first Global Stocktake. This Policy Brief aims to briefly reconstruct the evolution of the forest agenda within the UNFCCC; examine the key features of the initiative; and highlight the main elements that emerged from the submissions and discussions held by the Parties. Finally, it is proposed to identify a series of barriers and recommendations associated with them, aimed at strengthening the Leaflet process on the way to the Conference of the Parties (COP31) of the UNFCCC that will take place in Antalya.